Shadow Password Suite

It has all the commands used for managing Linux users and groups. Red Hat Linux uses this suite to provide additional security apart from the encrypted passwords in the /etc/shadow and /etc/gshadow files.

The encrypted password files have more restrictive permissions as compared to /etc/password or /etc/group; and only root user is allowed to view these files, as they are not writable by default.

However these additional efforts from Red-Hat may not do much good unless users select and Administrators allot strong passwords to users. One similar program named “CRACK” can be used to check the strength of the password. A version of it is available as part of the cracklib* RPM package.

Simple passwords based on the dictionary words or simple recognizable pattern such as abcd can be easily decipher with the password-cracking program within minutes. A strong password should comprise upper and lower case letters and numbers, such a password can take upto weeks for some program to decipher. Example

“I ran a mile in 3 minute on Wednesday”

“Irani3moW”- can be your password

Two commands can be used for converting user passwords in the shadow passwords suite:-

1.       pwconv:-

It converts a password already existing /etc/passwd and replaces it by “x”; the encrypted username and other information are transferred to the /etc/shadow file.

If new users are added by editing /etc/passwd file, run this command again. This works even if other passwords are already encrypted in /etc/shadow.

2.       pwunconv:-

It transfers password back to /etc/passwd and deletes the /etc/shadow file. Be careful using it because it also deletes any password-aging information otherwise saved in /etc/shadow.

Installing Thunderbird E-mail client on Red-hat/CentOS Linux

Mozilla thunderbird 2 is a full featured email, RSS and newsgroup client which manages your e-mails making it safer, faster and easier than ever before and it is more powerful than ever.

The key features which differentiate “Mozilla Thunderbird” from others are-
Adaptive junk mail controls, saved search folders, global inbox support, message grouping, mail migration from other mail clients, search with filtering tools, tabbed e-mail messages, smart folders, column headings, activity manager, improved address book, gmail integration and much more.

This installation is suitable for all the Linux platforms.

Download the Thunderbird
 visit here download Thunderbird

• Simply copy the downloaded file to your desktop 
  

• Lets first install it as a user "Ankit" under his home directory which is /home/Ankit . open the X terminal and type the following command in it

# cd /home/Ankit/Desktop
# tar -zxvf thunderbird-2.0.0.23.tar.gz
"It will untar the thunderbird download for you and you get output as shown under"-

thunderbird/

thunderbird/removed-files

thunderbird/chrome/

thunderbird/chrome/installed-chrome.txt

thunderbird/chrome/en-US.manifest

thunderbird/chrome/en-US.jar

thunderbird/chrome/toolkit.jar

thunderbird/chrome/comm.manifest

thunderbird/chrome/comm.jar

thunderbird/chrome/toolkit.manifest

thunderbird/chrome/classic.jar

thunderbird/chrome/classic.manifest

thunderbird/chrome/pippki.manifest

thunderbird/chrome/pippki.jar

thunderbird/chrome/messenger.jar

thunderbird/chrome/icons/

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/abcardWindow.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/addressbookWindow.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/messengerWindow.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/msgcomposeWindow.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/abcardWindow16.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/addressbookWindow16.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/messengerWindow16.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/msgcomposeWindow16.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/default.xpm

thunderbird/chrome/US.jar

thunderbird/chrome/newsblog.jar

thunderbird/chrome/messenger.manifest

thunderbird/chrome/newsblog.manifest

thunderbird/components/

thunderbird/components/xpcom_base.xpt

thunderbird/components/xpcom_ds.xpt

thunderbird/components/xpcom_io.xpt

thunderbird/components/xpcom_components.xpt

thunderbird/components/xpcom_threads.xpt

thunderbird/components/xpcom_xpti.xpt

thunderbird/components/proxyObjInst.xpt

thunderbird/components/xpcom_obsolete.xpt

thunderbird/components/xpconnect.xpt

thunderbird/components/unicharutil.xpt

thunderbird/components/uconv.xpt

thunderbird/components/locale.xpt

thunderbird/components/intl.xpt

thunderbird/components/lwbrk.xpt

thunderbird/components/chardet.xpt

thunderbird/components/storage.xpt

thunderbird/components/libjsd.so

thunderbird/components/jsdservice.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsProxyAutoConfig.js

thunderbird/components/necko_cookie.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_dns.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_socket.xpt

thunderbird/components/mimetype.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_strconv.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_cache.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_about.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_data.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_res.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_file.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_http.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_viewsource.xpt

thunderbird/components/necko_ftp.xpt

thunderbird/components/libjar50.so

thunderbird/components/jar.xpt

thunderbird/components/uriloader.xpt

thunderbird/components/exthandler.xpt

thunderbird/components/prefetch.xpt

thunderbird/components/pref.xpt

thunderbird/components/caps.xpt

thunderbird/components/rdf.xpt

thunderbird/components/saxparser.xpt

thunderbird/components/htmlparser.xpt

thunderbird/components/gfx.xpt

thunderbird/components/imglib2.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_base.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_canvas.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_core.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_html.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_events.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_stylesheets.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_views.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_css.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_sidebar.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_traversal.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_range.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_xbl.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_xpath.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_loadsave.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_xul.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom_storage.xpt

thunderbird/components/dom.xpt

thunderbird/components/widget.xpt

thunderbird/components/content_base.xpt

thunderbird/components/content_html.xpt

thunderbird/components/content_htmldoc.xpt

thunderbird/components/content_xmldoc.xpt

thunderbird/components/xuldoc.xpt

thunderbird/components/xultmpl.xpt

thunderbird/components/content_xslt.xpt

thunderbird/components/content_xtf.xpt

thunderbird/components/layout_base.xpt

thunderbird/components/layout_printing.xpt

thunderbird/components/layout_xul.xpt

thunderbird/components/layout_xul_tree.xpt

thunderbird/components/inspector.xpt

thunderbird/components/shistory.xpt

thunderbird/components/docshell.xpt

thunderbird/components/webshell_idls.xpt

thunderbird/components/embed_base.xpt

thunderbird/components/windowwatcher.xpt

thunderbird/components/find.xpt

thunderbird/components/webbrowserpersist.xpt

thunderbird/components/commandhandler.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsHelperAppDlg.js

thunderbird/components/progressDlg.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsProgressDialog.js

thunderbird/components/jsconsole.xpt

thunderbird/components/webBrowser_core.xpt

thunderbird/components/editor.xpt

thunderbird/components/txtsvc.xpt

thunderbird/components/txmgr.xpt

thunderbird/components/composer.xpt

thunderbird/components/appshell.xpt

thunderbird/components/accessibility-atk.xpt

thunderbird/components/accessibility.xpt

thunderbird/components/chrome.xpt

thunderbird/components/profile.xpt

thunderbird/components/mozbrwsr.xpt

thunderbird/components/mozfind.xpt

thunderbird/components/windowds.xpt

thunderbird/components/filepicker.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsFilePicker.js

thunderbird/components/xpautocomplete.xpt

thunderbird/components/jsconsole-clhandler.js

thunderbird/components/history.xpt

thunderbird/components/bookmarks.xpt

thunderbird/components/toolkitremote.xpt

thunderbird/components/urlformatter.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsURLFormatter.js

thunderbird/components/alerts.xpt

thunderbird/components/fastfind.xpt

thunderbird/components/autocomplete.xpt

thunderbird/components/feeds.xpt

thunderbird/components/FeedProcessor.js

thunderbird/components/downloads.xpt

thunderbird/components/url-classifier.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsUrlClassifierTable.js

thunderbird/components/nsUrlClassifierLib.js

thunderbird/components/nsUrlClassifierListManager.js

thunderbird/components/commandlines.xpt

thunderbird/components/appstartup.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsCloseAllWindows.js

thunderbird/components/nsDefaultCLH.js

thunderbird/components/toolkitprofile.xpt

thunderbird/components/xulapp.xpt

thunderbird/components/extensions.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsExtensionManager.js

thunderbird/components/update.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsUpdateService.js

thunderbird/components/xpinstall.xpt

thunderbird/components/libxpinstall.so

thunderbird/components/pipboot.xpt

thunderbird/components/pipnss.xpt

thunderbird/components/pippki.xpt

thunderbird/components/mozldap.xpt

thunderbird/components/libmozgnome.so

thunderbird/components/mozgnome.xpt

thunderbird/components/mailnews.xpt

thunderbird/components/msgbase.xpt

thunderbird/components/msgsearch.xpt

thunderbird/components/msgdb.xpt

thunderbird/components/msgnews.xpt

thunderbird/components/msglocal.xpt

thunderbird/components/mime.xpt

thunderbird/components/msgcompose.xpt

thunderbird/components/msgimap.xpt

thunderbird/components/addrbook.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsLDAPPrefsService.js

thunderbird/components/nsAbLDAPAttributeMap.js

thunderbird/components/import.xpt

thunderbird/components/impComm4xMail.xpt

thunderbird/components/mdn-service.js

thunderbird/components/mailview.xpt

thunderbird/components/offlineStartup.js

thunderbird/components/msgsmime.xpt

thunderbird/components/smime-service.js

thunderbird/components/wallet.xpt

thunderbird/components/walleteditor.xpt

thunderbird/components/signonviewer.xpt

thunderbird/components/walletpreview.xpt

thunderbird/components/libspellchecker.so

thunderbird/components/spellchecker.xpt

thunderbird/components/libmyspell.so

thunderbird/components/autoconfig.xpt

thunderbird/components/websrvcs.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsInterfaceInfoToIDL.js

thunderbird/components/nsComposerCmdLineHandler.js

thunderbird/components/mailprofilemigration.xpt

thunderbird/components/shellservice.xpt

thunderbird/components/nsSetDefaultMail.js

thunderbird/components/nsMailDefaultHandler.js

thunderbird/components/nsPhishingProtectionApplication.js

thunderbird/components/newsblog.js

thunderbird/defaults/

thunderbird/defaults/autoconfig/

thunderbird/defaults/autoconfig/prefcalls.js

thunderbird/defaults/autoconfig/platform.js

thunderbird/defaults/pref/

thunderbird/defaults/pref/mdn.js

thunderbird/defaults/pref/smime.js

thunderbird/defaults/pref/mailnews.js

thunderbird/defaults/pref/thunderbird-branding.js

thunderbird/defaults/pref/composer.js

thunderbird/defaults/pref/all-l10n.js

thunderbird/defaults/pref/all-thunderbird.js

thunderbird/defaults/pref/channel-prefs.js

thunderbird/defaults/messenger/

thunderbird/defaults/messenger/mailViews.dat

thunderbird/defaults/messenger/US/

thunderbird/defaults/messenger/US/mailViews.dat

thunderbird/defaults/wallet/

thunderbird/defaults/wallet/DistinguishedSchema.tbl

thunderbird/defaults/wallet/FieldSchema.tbl

thunderbird/defaults/wallet/VcardSchema.tbl

thunderbird/defaults/wallet/SchemaConcat.tbl

thunderbird/defaults/wallet/SchemaStrings.tbl

thunderbird/defaults/wallet/PositionalSchema.tbl

thunderbird/defaults/wallet/StateSchema.tbl

thunderbird/defaults/profile/

thunderbird/defaults/profile/mimeTypes.rdf

thunderbird/defaults/profile/localstore.rdf

thunderbird/defaults/profile/US/

thunderbird/defaults/profile/US/mimeTypes.rdf

thunderbird/defaults/profile/US/localstore.rdf

thunderbird/defaults/profile/prefs.js

thunderbird/dependentlibs.list

thunderbird/dictionaries/

thunderbird/dictionaries/en-US.dic

thunderbird/dictionaries/en-US.aff

thunderbird/extensions/

thunderbird/extensions/{972ce4c6-7e08-4474-a285-3208198ce6fd}/

thunderbird/extensions/{972ce4c6-7e08-4474-a285-3208198ce6fd}/install.rdf

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/chrome.manifest

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/XTalkback.ad

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/talkback.so

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/master.ini

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/talkback

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/libqfaservices.so

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/qfaservices.xpt

thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/install.rdf

thunderbird/greprefs/

thunderbird/greprefs/security-prefs.js

thunderbird/greprefs/all.js

thunderbird/greprefs/xpinstall.js

thunderbird/icons/

thunderbird/icons/mozicon50.xpm

thunderbird/icons/mozicon16.xpm

thunderbird/init.d/

thunderbird/init.d/README

thunderbird/isp/

thunderbird/isp/SpamAssassin.sfd

thunderbird/isp/SpamPal.sfd

thunderbird/isp/movemail.rdf

thunderbird/isp/en-US/

thunderbird/isp/en-US/gmail.rdf

thunderbird/isp/rss.rdf

thunderbird/libfreebl3.chk

thunderbird/libfreebl3.so

thunderbird/libldap50.so

thunderbird/libmozjs.so

thunderbird/libnspr4.so

thunderbird/libnss3.so

thunderbird/libnssckbi.so

thunderbird/libnssdbm3.so

thunderbird/libnssutil3.so

thunderbird/libplc4.so

thunderbird/libplds4.so

thunderbird/libprldap50.so

thunderbird/libsmime3.so

thunderbird/libsoftokn3.chk

thunderbird/libsoftokn3.so

thunderbird/libsqlite3.so

thunderbird/libssl3.so

thunderbird/libxpcom_compat.so

thunderbird/libxpcom_core.so

thunderbird/libxpcom.so

thunderbird/libxpistub.so

thunderbird/license.html

thunderbird/LICENSE.txt

thunderbird/mozilla-installer-bin

thunderbird/mozilla-xremote-client

thunderbird/README.txt

thunderbird/res/

thunderbird/res/entityTables/

thunderbird/res/entityTables/htmlEntityVersions.properties

thunderbird/res/entityTables/html40Latin1.properties

thunderbird/res/entityTables/html40Symbols.properties

thunderbird/res/entityTables/html40Special.properties

thunderbird/res/entityTables/transliterate.properties

thunderbird/res/charsetalias.properties

thunderbird/res/charsetData.properties

thunderbird/res/unixcharset.properties

thunderbird/res/langGroups.properties

thunderbird/res/language.properties

thunderbird/res/sample.unixpsfonts.properties

thunderbird/res/fonts/

thunderbird/res/fonts/fontEncoding.properties

thunderbird/res/fonts/pangoFontEncoding.properties

thunderbird/res/hiddenWindow.html

thunderbird/res/dtd/

thunderbird/res/dtd/xhtml11.dtd

thunderbird/res/forms.css

thunderbird/res/ua.css

thunderbird/res/html.css

thunderbird/res/quirk.css

thunderbird/res/broken-image.gif

thunderbird/res/EditorOverride.css

thunderbird/res/grabber.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-column-after-active.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-column-after-hover.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-column-after.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-column-before-active.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-column-before-hover.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-column-before.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-row-after-active.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-row-after-hover.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-row-after.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-row-before-active.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-row-before-hover.gif

thunderbird/res/table-add-row-before.gif

thunderbird/res/table-remove-column-active.gif

thunderbird/res/table-remove-column-hover.gif

thunderbird/res/table-remove-column.gif

thunderbird/res/table-remove-row-active.gif

thunderbird/res/table-remove-row-hover.gif

thunderbird/res/table-remove-row.gif

thunderbird/run-mozilla.sh

thunderbird/thunderbird

thunderbird/thunderbird-bin

thunderbird/updater

thunderbird/updater.ini

thunderbird/updates/

thunderbird/updates/0/

thunderbird/xpicleanup

thats itYour software is successfully installed now. To start the thunderbird mail client, enter:

#cd thunderbird

# ./thunderbird

Now you are ready to use it. But if you like to install it for everyone loging on to Linux server you can do it with the root user account.
You will need to install the thunderbird in /opt directory. Login as root user


#cd /opt
#mkdir thunderbird
#cd thunderbird
#cp /home/Ankit/Desktop/Thunderbird-2.0.0.23.tar.gz /opt/thunderbird

#tar -zxvf  Thunderbird-2.0.0.23.tar.gz

thunderbird/
thunderbird/removed-files
thunderbird/chrome/
thunderbird/chrome/installed-chrome.txt
thunderbird/chrome/en-US.manifest
thunderbird/chrome/en-US.jar
thunderbird/chrome/toolkit.jar
thunderbird/chrome/comm.manifest
thunderbird/chrome/comm.jar
thunderbird/chrome/toolkit.manifest
thunderbird/chrome/classic.jar
thunderbird/chrome/classic.manifest
thunderbird/chrome/pippki.manifest
thunderbird/chrome/pippki.jar
thunderbird/chrome/messenger.jar
thunderbird/chrome/icons/
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/abcardWindow.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/addressbookWindow.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/messengerWindow.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/msgcomposeWindow.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/abcardWindow16.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/addressbookWindow16.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/messengerWindow16.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/msgcomposeWindow16.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/default.xpm
thunderbird/chrome/US.jar
thunderbird/chrome/newsblog.jar
thunderbird/chrome/messenger.manifest
thunderbird/chrome/newsblog.manifest
thunderbird/components/
thunderbird/components/xpcom_base.xpt
thunderbird/components/xpcom_ds.xpt
thunderbird/components/xpcom_io.xpt
thunderbird/components/xpcom_components.xpt
thunderbird/components/xpcom_threads.xpt
thunderbird/components/xpcom_xpti.xpt
thunderbird/components/proxyObjInst.xpt
thunderbird/components/xpcom_obsolete.xpt
thunderbird/components/xpconnect.xpt
thunderbird/components/unicharutil.xpt
thunderbird/components/uconv.xpt
thunderbird/components/locale.xpt
thunderbird/components/intl.xpt
thunderbird/components/lwbrk.xpt
thunderbird/components/chardet.xpt
thunderbird/components/storage.xpt
thunderbird/components/libjsd.so
thunderbird/components/jsdservice.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsProxyAutoConfig.js
thunderbird/components/necko_cookie.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_dns.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_socket.xpt
thunderbird/components/mimetype.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_strconv.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_cache.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_about.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_data.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_res.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_file.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_http.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_viewsource.xpt
thunderbird/components/necko_ftp.xpt
thunderbird/components/libjar50.so
thunderbird/components/jar.xpt
thunderbird/components/uriloader.xpt
thunderbird/components/exthandler.xpt
thunderbird/components/prefetch.xpt
thunderbird/components/pref.xpt
thunderbird/components/caps.xpt
thunderbird/components/rdf.xpt
thunderbird/components/saxparser.xpt
thunderbird/components/htmlparser.xpt
thunderbird/components/gfx.xpt
thunderbird/components/imglib2.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_base.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_canvas.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_core.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_html.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_events.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_stylesheets.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_views.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_css.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_sidebar.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_traversal.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_range.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_xbl.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_xpath.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_loadsave.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_xul.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom_storage.xpt
thunderbird/components/dom.xpt
thunderbird/components/widget.xpt
thunderbird/components/content_base.xpt
thunderbird/components/content_html.xpt
thunderbird/components/content_htmldoc.xpt
thunderbird/components/content_xmldoc.xpt
thunderbird/components/xuldoc.xpt
thunderbird/components/xultmpl.xpt
thunderbird/components/content_xslt.xpt
thunderbird/components/content_xtf.xpt
thunderbird/components/layout_base.xpt
thunderbird/components/layout_printing.xpt
thunderbird/components/layout_xul.xpt
thunderbird/components/layout_xul_tree.xpt
thunderbird/components/inspector.xpt
thunderbird/components/shistory.xpt
thunderbird/components/docshell.xpt
thunderbird/components/webshell_idls.xpt
thunderbird/components/embed_base.xpt
thunderbird/components/windowwatcher.xpt
thunderbird/components/find.xpt
thunderbird/components/webbrowserpersist.xpt
thunderbird/components/commandhandler.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsHelperAppDlg.js
thunderbird/components/progressDlg.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsProgressDialog.js
thunderbird/components/jsconsole.xpt
thunderbird/components/webBrowser_core.xpt
thunderbird/components/editor.xpt
thunderbird/components/txtsvc.xpt
thunderbird/components/txmgr.xpt
thunderbird/components/composer.xpt
thunderbird/components/appshell.xpt
thunderbird/components/accessibility-atk.xpt
thunderbird/components/accessibility.xpt
thunderbird/components/chrome.xpt
thunderbird/components/profile.xpt
thunderbird/components/mozbrwsr.xpt
thunderbird/components/mozfind.xpt
thunderbird/components/windowds.xpt
thunderbird/components/filepicker.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsFilePicker.js
thunderbird/components/xpautocomplete.xpt
thunderbird/components/jsconsole-clhandler.js
thunderbird/components/history.xpt
thunderbird/components/bookmarks.xpt
thunderbird/components/toolkitremote.xpt
thunderbird/components/urlformatter.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsURLFormatter.js
thunderbird/components/alerts.xpt
thunderbird/components/fastfind.xpt
thunderbird/components/autocomplete.xpt
thunderbird/components/feeds.xpt
thunderbird/components/FeedProcessor.js
thunderbird/components/downloads.xpt
thunderbird/components/url-classifier.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsUrlClassifierTable.js
thunderbird/components/nsUrlClassifierLib.js
thunderbird/components/nsUrlClassifierListManager.js
thunderbird/components/commandlines.xpt
thunderbird/components/appstartup.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsCloseAllWindows.js
thunderbird/components/nsDefaultCLH.js
thunderbird/components/toolkitprofile.xpt
thunderbird/components/xulapp.xpt
thunderbird/components/extensions.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsExtensionManager.js
thunderbird/components/update.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsUpdateService.js
thunderbird/components/xpinstall.xpt
thunderbird/components/libxpinstall.so
thunderbird/components/pipboot.xpt
thunderbird/components/pipnss.xpt
thunderbird/components/pippki.xpt
thunderbird/components/mozldap.xpt
thunderbird/components/libmozgnome.so
thunderbird/components/mozgnome.xpt
thunderbird/components/mailnews.xpt
thunderbird/components/msgbase.xpt
thunderbird/components/msgsearch.xpt
thunderbird/components/msgdb.xpt
thunderbird/components/msgnews.xpt
thunderbird/components/msglocal.xpt
thunderbird/components/mime.xpt
thunderbird/components/msgcompose.xpt
thunderbird/components/msgimap.xpt
thunderbird/components/addrbook.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsLDAPPrefsService.js
thunderbird/components/nsAbLDAPAttributeMap.js
thunderbird/components/import.xpt
thunderbird/components/impComm4xMail.xpt
thunderbird/components/mdn-service.js
thunderbird/components/mailview.xpt
thunderbird/components/offlineStartup.js
thunderbird/components/msgsmime.xpt
thunderbird/components/smime-service.js
thunderbird/components/wallet.xpt
thunderbird/components/walleteditor.xpt
thunderbird/components/signonviewer.xpt
thunderbird/components/walletpreview.xpt
thunderbird/components/libspellchecker.so
thunderbird/components/spellchecker.xpt
thunderbird/components/libmyspell.so
thunderbird/components/autoconfig.xpt
thunderbird/components/websrvcs.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsInterfaceInfoToIDL.js
thunderbird/components/nsComposerCmdLineHandler.js
thunderbird/components/mailprofilemigration.xpt
thunderbird/components/shellservice.xpt
thunderbird/components/nsSetDefaultMail.js
thunderbird/components/nsMailDefaultHandler.js
thunderbird/components/nsPhishingProtectionApplication.js
thunderbird/components/newsblog.js
thunderbird/defaults/
thunderbird/defaults/autoconfig/
thunderbird/defaults/autoconfig/prefcalls.js
thunderbird/defaults/autoconfig/platform.js
thunderbird/defaults/pref/
thunderbird/defaults/pref/mdn.js
thunderbird/defaults/pref/smime.js
thunderbird/defaults/pref/mailnews.js
thunderbird/defaults/pref/thunderbird-branding.js
thunderbird/defaults/pref/composer.js
thunderbird/defaults/pref/all-l10n.js
thunderbird/defaults/pref/all-thunderbird.js
thunderbird/defaults/pref/channel-prefs.js
thunderbird/defaults/messenger/
thunderbird/defaults/messenger/mailViews.dat
thunderbird/defaults/messenger/US/
thunderbird/defaults/messenger/US/mailViews.dat
thunderbird/defaults/wallet/
thunderbird/defaults/wallet/DistinguishedSchema.tbl
thunderbird/defaults/wallet/FieldSchema.tbl
thunderbird/defaults/wallet/VcardSchema.tbl
thunderbird/defaults/wallet/SchemaConcat.tbl
thunderbird/defaults/wallet/SchemaStrings.tbl
thunderbird/defaults/wallet/PositionalSchema.tbl
thunderbird/defaults/wallet/StateSchema.tbl
thunderbird/defaults/profile/
thunderbird/defaults/profile/mimeTypes.rdf
thunderbird/defaults/profile/localstore.rdf
thunderbird/defaults/profile/US/
thunderbird/defaults/profile/US/mimeTypes.rdf
thunderbird/defaults/profile/US/localstore.rdf
thunderbird/defaults/profile/prefs.js
thunderbird/dependentlibs.list
thunderbird/dictionaries/
thunderbird/dictionaries/en-US.dic
thunderbird/dictionaries/en-US.aff
thunderbird/extensions/
thunderbird/extensions/{972ce4c6-7e08-4474-a285-3208198ce6fd}/
thunderbird/extensions/{972ce4c6-7e08-4474-a285-3208198ce6fd}/install.rdf
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/chrome.manifest
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/XTalkback.ad
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/talkback.so
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/master.ini
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/talkback/talkback
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/libqfaservices.so
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/components/qfaservices.xpt
thunderbird/extensions/talkback@mozilla.org/install.rdf
thunderbird/greprefs/
thunderbird/greprefs/security-prefs.js
thunderbird/greprefs/all.js
thunderbird/greprefs/xpinstall.js
thunderbird/icons/
thunderbird/icons/mozicon50.xpm
thunderbird/icons/mozicon16.xpm
thunderbird/init.d/
thunderbird/init.d/README
thunderbird/isp/
thunderbird/isp/SpamAssassin.sfd
thunderbird/isp/SpamPal.sfd
thunderbird/isp/movemail.rdf
thunderbird/isp/en-US/
thunderbird/isp/en-US/gmail.rdf
thunderbird/isp/rss.rdf
thunderbird/libfreebl3.chk
thunderbird/libfreebl3.so
thunderbird/libldap50.so
thunderbird/libmozjs.so
thunderbird/libnspr4.so
thunderbird/libnss3.so
thunderbird/libnssckbi.so
thunderbird/libnssdbm3.so
thunderbird/libnssutil3.so
thunderbird/libplc4.so
thunderbird/libplds4.so
thunderbird/libprldap50.so
thunderbird/libsmime3.so
thunderbird/libsoftokn3.chk
thunderbird/libsoftokn3.so
thunderbird/libsqlite3.so
thunderbird/libssl3.so
thunderbird/libxpcom_compat.so
thunderbird/libxpcom_core.so
thunderbird/libxpcom.so
thunderbird/libxpistub.so
thunderbird/license.html
thunderbird/LICENSE.txt
thunderbird/mozilla-installer-bin
thunderbird/mozilla-xremote-client
thunderbird/README.txt
thunderbird/res/
thunderbird/res/entityTables/
thunderbird/res/entityTables/htmlEntityVersions.properties
thunderbird/res/entityTables/html40Latin1.properties
thunderbird/res/entityTables/html40Symbols.properties
thunderbird/res/entityTables/html40Special.properties
thunderbird/res/entityTables/transliterate.properties
thunderbird/res/charsetalias.properties
thunderbird/res/charsetData.properties
thunderbird/res/unixcharset.properties
thunderbird/res/langGroups.properties
thunderbird/res/language.properties
thunderbird/res/sample.unixpsfonts.properties
thunderbird/res/fonts/
thunderbird/res/fonts/fontEncoding.properties
thunderbird/res/fonts/pangoFontEncoding.properties
thunderbird/res/hiddenWindow.html
thunderbird/res/dtd/
thunderbird/res/dtd/xhtml11.dtd
thunderbird/res/forms.css
thunderbird/res/ua.css
thunderbird/res/html.css
thunderbird/res/quirk.css
thunderbird/res/broken-image.gif
thunderbird/res/EditorOverride.css
thunderbird/res/grabber.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-column-after-active.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-column-after-hover.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-column-after.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-column-before-active.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-column-before-hover.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-column-before.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-row-after-active.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-row-after-hover.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-row-after.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-row-before-active.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-row-before-hover.gif
thunderbird/res/table-add-row-before.gif
thunderbird/res/table-remove-column-active.gif
thunderbird/res/table-remove-column-hover.gif
thunderbird/res/table-remove-column.gif
thunderbird/res/table-remove-row-active.gif
thunderbird/res/table-remove-row-hover.gif
thunderbird/res/table-remove-row.gif
thunderbird/run-mozilla.sh
thunderbird/thunderbird
thunderbird/thunderbird-bin
thunderbird/updater
thunderbird/updater.ini
thunderbird/updates/
thunderbird/updates/0/
thunderbird/xpicleanup

Now to start the thunderbird enter:
# cd /opt/thunderbird/thunderbird
# ./thunderbird

You can simply create a icon to launch the Mozilla Thunderbird from your desktop.

1. Simply Right click on your desktop
2. Select Create Launcher
3. Fill the necessary details as follows:

• Set name to : Thunderbird
• Set command to : /opt/thunderbird/thunderbird
• Set comment to : My Email Client
• Hit OK to create an ICON 

 

Bash(bourne again shell)

The bourne again shell(bash) is a user interface for the Linux operating system. Bash can be used to run program, manage files, interact with hardware through the Linux kernel. Shell such as bash are also known as command line interpreters in which a user inputs the commands and it responses to specific command such as ls, cd or cp. Linux is case sensitive. The main advantages of bash is it keeps history of the previous commands and completes a longer command with ease.

Features:-

1.Interactivity And History
Allows to run through previous and current commands use basic keys such as the home, arrow keys, Use the up and down keys to repeat the previous commands.
Other way is if you remember first letter of recent command use the exclamation point(!) followed by character to recall the earlier command.

2. Command Completion
The bash shell allows you to complete command by only partly typing it and using the . For example. To use ypdomainname command to find the NIS domain name for your system, type

#ypd
 
Now when you press tab key it completes the command for you. If there is more than one command starting with ypd, press again, to see list of these commands.

umask

As Linux has the permission for all files and directories and each user can use a file according to the permissions assigned to him. This is increases the security feature of the Linux and make it more suitable for secure computing over the web.

Now when you create a new file or directory, the permissions you get depends on the value of what is known as the umask. Just simply type the umask at the command-line interface and notice the numeric masked value of the permissions:

#umask
0022
This number gives the values of the permission but in order to understand this you need to have the clear idea of the numeric value of the permissions. The first number (0) in the umask is currently unused. So this means the actual umask is 022.

Now if everyone has the permissions to your files and directory i.e read, write and execute so it corresponds to the number 7(r+w+x = 4+2+1). If you apply it to all the users than it corresponds to 777.

By convention the permission of 777 corresponds to the  umask of 000. But However, umask does not allow to configure execute(x=1) permissions on any file. Now if we again consider the 022 value it will correspond to the permission of 644(rw+w+w does"t provide execute permission), or rw-r--r--; this means the owner has the read and write permissions, the member of the group that own the file have read permissions, and all others users have read permissions.

About LDAP

LDAP stands for Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. It is application protocol used for querying and modifying the directory services which run over TCP/IP. The LDAP is used by programs like e-mail and other programs to look an information from a server. "LDAP-aware" client programs are used to query the LDAP servers to look up the desired entries in a number of ways. LDAP servers indexes all the data in their entries, and the "filters" are used to select the desired data and return the desired information only.

Take an example translated in the plain english- "Search for all the people located in washington whose name contain "john" that have the e-mail address . Return their full name, contact number, description,  e-mail, title and work-profile.

LDAP are used for the encryption certificates, pointers to printers and other services available over the network. LDAP can be used  for any kind of directory-like information, where you require the fast lookups and less-frequent updates.

As LDAP is a protocol, LDAP doesn"t define how the programs work on either the client or server side what It defines is the "language" used by client programs to talk to servers (and servers to servers).It is possible that on the client side, a client may be an email program, a printer browser, or an address book.  LDAP doesn"t includes the security or encryption, so updates usually requires the  additional protection such as an encrypted SSL(Secure Shell) connection to the LDAP server.

LDAP also defines: Permissions, which are set by the administrator to allow only certain group of people to access the LDAP database, and optionally keep certain data private.

The LDAP server daemon is refered as Slapd. Slapd supports a variety of different database backends which can be used with it.

These includes the primary choice BDB, which is a high-performance transactional database backend; LDBM, a lightweight DBM based backend; SHELL, a backend interface to arbitrary shell scripts and PASSWD, a simple backend interface to the passwd file.